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Syllabus:
Chemistry Preliminary |
Section-A
Inorganic Chemistry
1.1 Atomic structure : Schrodinger wave equation, significance of
and
2quantum numbers and their significance, radial and
angular probability,
shapes of orbitals, relative energies of atomic orbitals as a
function of atomic
number. Electronic configurations of elements; Aufbau principle,
Hund's
multiplicity rule, Pauli exclusion principle.
1.2 Chemical periodicity : Periodic classification of elements,
salient
characteristics of s,p,d and f block elements. Periodic trends of
atomic radii,
ionic radii, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electro
negativity in
the periodic table.
1.3 Chemical bonding : Types of bonding, overlap of atomic orbitals,
sigma and
pi bonds, hydrogen and metallic bonds. Shapes of molecules, bond
order, bond
length, V.S.E.P.R. theory and bond angles. The concept of
hybridization and
shapes of molecules and ions.
1.4 Oxidation states and oxidation number : Oxidation and reduction,
oxidation
numbers, common redox reactions, ionic equations. Balancing of
equations for
oxidation and reduction reactions.
1.5 Acids and bases : Bronsted and Lewis theories of acids and
bases. Hard and
soft acids and bases. HSAB principle, relative strengths of acids
and bases and
the effect of substituents and solvents on their strength.
1.6 Chemistry of elements :
(i) Hydrogen: Its unique position in the periodic table, isotopes,
ortho and
para hydrogen, industrial production, heavy water.
(ii) Chemistry of s and p block elements : electronic configuration,
general
characteristics properties, inert pair effect, allotropy and
catenation. Special
emphasis on solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals in liquid
ammonia.
Preparation, properties and structures of boric acid, borates, boron
nitrides,
borohydride (diborane), carboranes, oxides and oxyacids of nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulphur and chlorine; interhalogen compounds,
polyhalide ions,
pseudohalogens, fluorocarbons and basic properties of halogens.
Chemical
reactivity of noble gases, preparation, structure and bonding of
noble gas
compounds.
(iii) Chemistry of d block elements: Transition metals including
lanthanides,
general characteristic properties, oxidation states, magnetic
behaviour, colour.
First row transition metals and general properties of their
compounds (oxides,
halides and sulphides); lanthanide contraction.
1.7 Extraction of metals : Principles of extraction of metals as
illustrated by
sodium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, nickel, copper, silver and gold.
1.8 Nuclear Chemistry : Nuclear reactions; mass defect and binding
energy,
nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear reactors; radioisotopes and
their
applications.
1.9 Coordination compounds : Nomenclature, isomerism and theories of
coordination compounds and their role in nature and medicine.
1.10 Pollution and its control : Air pollution, types of air
pollutants; control
of air and water pollution; radioactive pollution.
Section-B
Organic Chemistry
2.1 Bonding and shapes of organic molecules : Electronegativity,
electron
displacements-inductive, mesomeric and hyperconjugative effects;
bond polarity
and bond polarizability, dipole moments of organic molecules;
hydrogen bond;
effects of solvent and structure on dissociation constants of acids
and bases;
bond formation, fission of covalent bonds : homolysis and
heterolysis; reaction
intermediates-carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes;
generation,
geometry and stability; nucleophiles and electrophiles.
2.2 Chemistry of aliphatic compounds: Nomenclature;
alkenes-synthesis, reactions
(free radical halogenation) -- reactivity and selectivity,
sulphonation-detergents; cycloalkanes-Baeyer's strain theory;
alkenes and
alkynes-synthesis, electrohilic addition reactions, Markownikov's
rule, peroxide
effects, 1- 3-dipolar addtion; nucleophilic addition to
electron-deficient
alkenes; polymerisation; relative acidity; synthesis and reactions
of alkyl
halides, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids, esters,
amides,
nitriles, amines, acid anhydrides, a, ß-unsaturated ketones, ethers
and nitro
compounds.
2.3 Stereochemistry of carbon compounds : Elements of symmetry,
chiral and
achiral compounds. Fischer projection formulae; optical isomerism of
lactic and
tartaric acids, enantiomerism and diastereoisomerism; configuration
(relative
and absolute); conformations of alkanes upto four carbons,
cyclohexane and
dimethylcyclo-hexanes-their potential energy. D, L-and R,
S-notations of
compounds containing chiral centres; projection formulae-Fischer,
Newman and
sawhorse-of compounds containing two adjacent chiral centres; meso
and
dl-isomers, erythro and threo isomers; racemization and resolution;
examples of
homotopic, enantiotopic and diasteretopic atoms and groups in
organic compounds,
geometrical isomers; E and Z notations. Stereochemistry of SN1, SN2,
E1 and E2
reactions.
2.4 Organometallic compounds : Preparation and synthetic uses of
Grignard
reagents, alkyl lithium compounds.
2.5 Active methylene compounds : Diethyl malonate, ethyl
acetoacetate, ethyl
cyanoacetate-applications in organic synthesis; tautomerism (keto-enol).
2.6 Chemistry of aromatic compounds : Aromaticity; Huckel's rule;
electrophilic
aromatic substitution-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation (nuclear
and side
chain), Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, substituents
effect; chemistry
and reactivity of aromatic halides, phenols, nitro-, diazo,
diazonium and
sulphonic acid derivatives, benzyne reactions.
2.7 Chemistry of bio molecules : (i) Carbohydrates : Classification,
reactions,
structure of glucose, D, L-configuration, osazone formation;
fructose and
sucrose; step-up step-down of aldoses and ketoses, and ther
interconversions,
(ii) Amino acids : Essential amino acids; zwitterions, isoelectric
point,
polypeptides; proteins; methods of synthesis of -amino
acids. (iii) Elementary
idea of oils, fats, soaps and detergents.
2.8 Basic principles and applications of UV, visible, IR and NMR
spectroscopy of
simple organic molecules.
Section-C
Physical Chemistry
3.1 Gaseous state : Deviation of real gases from the equation of
state for an
ideal gas, van der Waals and Virial equation of state, critical
phenomena,
principle of corresponding states, equation for reduced state.
Liquification of
gases, distribution of molecular speed, collisions between molecules
in a gas;
mean free path, specific heat of gases
3.2 Thermodynamics : (i) First law and its applications:
Thermodynamic systems,
states and processes, work, heat and internal energy, zeroth law of
thermodynamics, various types of work done on a system in reversible
and
irreversible processes. Calorimetry and thermo chemistry, enthalpy
and enthalpy
changes in various physical and chemical processes, Joule-Thomson
effect,
inversion temperature. Heat capacities and temperature dependence of
enthalpy
and energy changes.
(ii) Second law and its applications : Spontaneity of a process,
entropy and
entropy changes in various processes, free energy functions,
criteria for
equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic
quantities.
3.3 Phase rule and its applications : Equilibrium between liquid,
solid and
vapours of a pure substance, Clausius-Clapeyron equation and its
applications.
Number of components, phases and degrees of freedom; phase rule and
its
applications; simple systems with one (water and sulphur) and two
components
(lead-silver, salt hydrates). Distribution law, its modifications,
limitations
and applications.
3.4 Solutions : Solubility and its temperature dependence, partially
miscible
liquids, upper and lower critical solution temperatures, vapour
pressures of
liquids over their mixtures, Raoult's and Henry's laws, fractional
and steam
distillations.
3.5 Colligative Properties : Dilute solutions and colligative
properties,
determination of molecular weights using colligative properties.
3.6 Electrochemistry : Ions in solutions, ionic equilibria,
dissociation
constants of acids and bases, hydrolysis, pH and buffers, theory of
indicators
and acid-base titrations. Conductivity of ionic solutions, its
variation with
concentration, Ostwald's dilution law, Kohlrausch law and its
application.
Transport number and its determination. Faraday's laws of
electrolysis, galvanic
cells and measurements of their e.m.f., cell reactions, standard
cell, standard
reduction potential, Nernst equation, relation between thermodynamic
quantities
and cell e.m.f., fuel cells, potentiometric titrations.
3.7 Chemical kinetics : Rate of chemical reaction and its dependence
on
concentrations of the reactants, rate constant and order of reaction
and their
experimental determination; differential and integral rate equations
for first
and second order reaction, half-life periods; temperature dependence
of rate
constant and Arrhenius parameters; elementary ideas regarding
collision and
transition state theory.
3.8 Photochemistry : Absorption of light, laws of photochemistry,
quantum yield,
the excited state and its decay by radiative, nonradiative and
chemical
pathways; simple photochemical reactions.
3.9 Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis and their
characteristics, mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis; enzyme
catalysed
reactions (Michaelis-Menten mechanism).
3.10 Colloids : The colloidal state, preparation and purification of
colloids
and their characteristics properties; lyophilic and lyophobic
colloids and
coagulation; protection of colloids; gels, emulsions, surfactants
and micelles.
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